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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Rubner</span></span>
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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Max Rubner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Max Rubner</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1854-06-02</span>)</span>2 June 1854<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1932<span style="display:none">(1932-04-27)</span> (aged&nbsp;77)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Germany" title="Germany">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma&nbsp;mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known&nbsp;for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="A_calorie_is_a_calorie" title="A calorie is a calorie">Isodynamic law</a><br><a href="Rate-of-living_theory" title="Rate-of-living theory">Rate-of-living theory</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></li><li><a href="Carl_von_Voit" title="Carl von Voit">Carl von Voit</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
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<p><b>Max Rubner</b> (2 June 1854, <a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>&nbsp;– 27 April 1932, <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>) was a German <a href="Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a> and <a href="Hygienist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygienist">hygienist</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2></div>
<p>He studied at the <a href="University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a> and worked as an assistant under <a href="Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a> and <a href="Carl_von_Voit" title="Carl von Voit">Carl von Voit</a> (doctorate 1878). Later on, he taught as a <a href="Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> at the <a href="University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a> (1885–1891), and in 1891 succeeded <a href="Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> as a professor of hygiene at the <a href="University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>. In 1909 he succeeded <a href="Theodor_Wilhelm_Engelmann" title="Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann">Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann</a> as chair of physiology at Berlin. Rubner was co-founder of the <i><a href="Max_Planck_Institute_of_Molecular_Physiology" title="Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology">Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie</a></i>, and became its director in 1913. With his assistant Gerhard Albrecht, Rubner set out to study labour not just as the expenditure of energy, but also the use of intellect. They rejected <a href="Taylorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylorism">taylorism</a> as being over-concerned with economic outputs, but rather advocated an approach which was more concerned with a biophysical approach to the elimination of fatigue.<sup id="cite_ref-HM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions">Contributions</h2></div>
<p>Rubner is remembered for his research in <a href="Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, energy physiology, hygiene and dietary <a href="Thermogenesis" title="Thermogenesis">thermogenesis</a>. His best-known research centres on what he termed the "isodynamic law" of <a href="Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> (demonstrated in 1873, and published a decade later), according to which the form of human calorie intake is irrelevant to its effect on energy balance, often paraphrased as "a calorie is a calorie".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, Rubner expressed his belief that this was over-simplistic, stating "the effect of specific nutritional substances upon the glands" may modify the effect of specific foods on energy balance,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view that is now increasingly accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="Otto_Heubner" title="Otto Heubner">Otto Heubner</a> (1843–1926), he performed important studies involving <a href="Energy_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy metabolism">energy metabolism</a> in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1883 Rubner introduced the "surface hypothesis", which stated that the <a href="Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rate</a> of birds and mammals that maintain a steady body temperature is roughly proportional to their body surface area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Max Rubner is also known for his "rate-of-living theory", which proposed that a slow metabolism increases an animal's longevity. His observation was that larger animals outlived smaller animals and that the metabolic rates of larger animals were slower <i>pro rata</i>. The theory might have been inspired by the <a href="Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> by the logic that the more a machine is worked, the sooner it will wear out.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Rubner_Peak" title="Rubner Peak">Rubner Peak</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite id="CITEREFRabinbach1992" class="citation book cs1">Rabinbach, Anson (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5ZBNv-zTlQC"><i>The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>9780520078277</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/content/48/1/1.full.pdf">Rubner 1854–1932 (obituary) in<i>Journal of Nutrition</i> 1952</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taubes, G. <i>Good Calories, Bad Calories</i> (2007) Chapter 16</span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cenegenicsfoundation.org/library/library_files/Is_a_calorie_and_calorie.pdf">AC Buchholz, DA Schoeller <i>Is a calorie a calorie&nbsp;?</i> Am J Clin Nutrition 2004</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/83/6/1442.full">A H Manninen <i>Metabolic advantage of low-carbohydrate diets: a calorie is still not a calorie</i> and refs therein, <i>Am J Clin Nutr</i> June 2006 vol. 83 no. 6 1442–1443</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarounRigamontiTamargo2000" class="citation journal cs1">Haroun RI, Rigamonti D, Tamargo RJ (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3171%2Fjns.2000.93.6.1084">"Recurrent artery of Heubner: Otto Heubner's description of the artery and his influence on pediatrics in Germany"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurosurgery</i>. <b>93</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1084–</span>1088. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3171%2Fjns.2000.93.6.1084">10.3171/jns.2000.93.6.1084</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11117858">11117858</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9z-ULw3UnoC&amp;dq=%22surface+hypothesis%22+Rubner&amp;pg=PA678">Eckert animal physiology</a> by David J. Randall, Warren W. Burggren, Kathleen French, Roger Eckert</span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Max Rubner—1854–1932. Energy physiologist". <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>194</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>87. October 1965. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.194.1.86">10.1001/jama.194.1.86</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5318322">5318322</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKnowles_HC1957" class="citation journal cs1">Knowles HC (1957). "Max Rubner: 1854–1932". <i>Diabetes</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">369–</span>371. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiab.6.4.369">10.2337/diab.6.4.369</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13447770">13447770</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88318504">88318504</a>.</cite></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Rubner.html">Rubner, Max (1854–1932) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography</a> at scienceworld.wolfram.com</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data?id=per132">Short biography and bibliography</a> in the <a href="Virtual_Laboratory" title="Virtual Laboratory">Virtual Laboratory</a> of the <a href="Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_History_of_Science" title="Max Planck Institute for the History of Science">Max Planck Institute for the History of Science</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandenburg.de/~mwfkneu/minister/presse_alt/html/pr96/pr96.091.html"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111011630/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/Zoology/AnimalPhysiology/EnergeticsMetabolism/EnergeticsMetabolism.htm">Animal Physiology, Energetics and Metabolism</a></li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68697#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2616" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68697#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2616" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082546525">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/67222885">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/198629">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkHqpKGfwFXdWmH9dKrv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116669713">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87826336">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rubner, Max <1854-1932>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMSV022060">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=nlk20000091781&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070479925">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810697709105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&amp;url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&amp;id=495/340725">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007272725105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07756049?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16650819500">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:rubner.max">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/max-rubner/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/116669713.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116669713">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/082349193">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6029wvw">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/e476e21d-e998-4b64-97a6-0c110ebe9ba0">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Max_Rubner&amp;oldid=1277566030">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.
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